Rashes
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Rashes

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Skin redness or inflammation; Skin lesion; Rubor; Skin rash; Erythema

Rashes involve changes in the color or texture of your skin.

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  • Considerations

    Often, the cause of a rash can be determined from its visible characteristics and other symptoms.

  • Causes

    A simple rash is called dermatitis, meaning inflammation of the skin. Contact dermatitis is caused by things your skin touches, such as:

    • Chemicals in elastic, latex, and rubber products
    • Cosmetics, soaps, and detergents
    • Dyes and other chemicals in clothing
    • Poison ivy, oak, or sumac

    Seborrheic dermatitis is a rash that appears in patches of redness and scaling around the eyebrows, eyelids, mouth, nose, trunk, and behind the ears. If it happens on your scalp, it is called dandruff in adults and cradle cap in infants.

    Age, stress, fatigue, weather extremes, oily skin, infrequent shampooing, and alcohol-based lotions aggravate this harmless but bothersome condition.

    Other common causes of a rash include:

    • Eczema (atopic dermatitis) -- tends to happen in people with allergies or asthma. The rash is generally red, itchy, and scaly.
    • Psoriasis -- tends to occur as red, scaly, itchy patches over joints and along the scalp. Fingernails may also be affected.
    • Impetigo -- common in children, this infection is from bacteria that live in the top layers of the skin. It appears as red sores that turn into blisters, ooze, then crust over.
    • Shingles -- a painful blistered skin condition caused by the same virus as chickenpox. The virus can lie dormant in your body for many years and re-emerge as shingles.
    • Childhood illnesses such as chickenpox, measles, roseola, rubella, hand-foot-mouth disease, fifth disease, and scarlet fever
    • Medications and insect bites or stings

    Many medical conditions can cause a rash as well. These include:

    • Lupus erythematosus
    • Rheumatoid arthritis, especially the juvenile type
    • Kawasaki disease

  • Home Care

    Most simple rashes will improve with gentle skin care and by avoiding irritating substances. Follow these general guidelines:

    • Avoid scrubbing your skin.
    • Use as little soap as possible. Use gentle cleansers instead.
    • Avoid applying cosmetic lotions or ointments directly on the rash.
    • Use warm (not hot) water for cleaning. Pat dry, don't rub.
    • Stop using any recently added cosmetics or lotions.
    • Leave the affected area exposed to the air as much as possible.
    • Try calamine medicated lotion for poison ivy, oak, or sumac, as well as for other types of contact dermatitis.

    Hydrocortisone cream (1%) is available without a prescription and may soothe many rashes. If you have eczema, apply moisturizers over your skin. Try oatmeal bath products, available at drugstores, to relieve symptoms of eczema, psoriasis, or shingles.

  • When to Contact a Medical Professional

    Call 911 if:

    • You are short of breath, your throat is tight, or your face is swollen
    • Your child has a purple rash that looks like a bruise

    Call your health care provider if:

    • You have joint pain, fever, or a sore throat
    • You have streaks of redness, swelling, or very tender areas as these may indicate an infection
    • You are taking a new medication -- do NOT change or stop any of your medications without talking to your doctor
    • You may have a tick bite
    • Home treatment doesn't work, or your symptoms get worse

  • What to Expect at Your Office Visit

    Your health care provider will perform a physical examination and ask questions about your medical history and symptoms. Questions may include:

    • When did the rash begin?
    • What parts of your body are affected?
    • Does anything make the rash better? Worse?
    • Have you used any new soaps, detergents, lotions, or cosmetics recently?
    • Have you been in any wooded areas recently?
    • Have you had any change in your medications?
    • Have you noticed a tick or insect bite?
    • Have you eaten anything unusual?
    • Do you have any other symptoms, like itching or scaling?
    • What medical problems do you have, such as asthma or allergies?
    • Have you recently traveled out of the area where you live?

    Tests may include:

    • Allergy testing
    • Blood tests
    • Skin biopsy
    • Skin scrapings

    Depending on the cause of your rash, treatments may include medicated creams or lotions, medications taken by mouth, or skin surgery.

    Many primary care providers are comfortable dealing with common rashes. For more complicated skin disorders, you may need a referral to a dermatologist.

Related Information

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Open References

References

Anderson CA. Examination of the skin and approach to diagnosing skin diseases. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011:chap 444.

Garber B, Cydulka RK. Dermatologic presentations. In: Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al, eds. Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2013:chap 120.

Shofner JD, Kimball AB. Plant-induced dermatitis. In: Auerbach PS, ed. Wilderness Medicine. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2011:chap 63.

Werth VP. Principles of therapy of skin diseases. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011:chap 445.

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Review Date: 12/2/2014

Reviewed By: Richard J. Moskowitz, MD, dermatologist in private practice, Mineola, NY. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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